Salud y rendimiento: todo lo que debes saber de las pruebas de esfuerzo
El confinamiento y una temporada casi en blanco ante la ausencia de competiciones de carácter popular, han generado un sinfín de dudas en los deportistas respecto a las pruebas de esfuerzo. El doctor Miguel Buil, especialista en Traumatología del Deporte y director médico de IVRE+ en Valencia, resuelve todas las preguntas sobre esta cuestión.
¿Tengo que hacerme una prueba de esfuerzo, aunque no esté compitiendo debido a la crisis sanitaria?
Sí. Para una persona que realiza una actividad habitual de cierta intensidad se recomienda pasar el control de prueba de esfuerzo, ya que las actividades intensas nos pueden generar alguna situación de riesgo para nuestra salud.
Hay que tener claro que la prueba de esfuerzo tiene un enfoque preventivo. A veces, sin llegar a tener síntomas, puede haber una situación que valga la pena solventar y no hay que esperar a que la enfermedad se manifieste. Se trata de una prevención primaria que permite detectar algunos indicadores que avisan de que va a haber un problema y solucionarlo antes de que ocurra.
Además, la prueba tiene otro componente relacionado con el rendimiento proporcionando datos como umbrales 1 y 2, consumo de grasas, consumo máximo de oxígeno, etc.
¿Tiene sentido hacerme una prueba de esfuerzo si he pasado la Covid-19?
En situaciones normales, la prueba de esfuerzo se hace una vez al año o como máximo cada dos años. Ahora tiene un sentido mucho más importante después del parón por la Covid-19. La vuelta a la normalidad puede habernos puesto en una situación de cierto riesgo con la vuelta a la normalidad y, además, cabe la posibilidad de que hayamos pasado la patología sin tener síntomas, pero que nos haya generado algún problema oculto de salud.
En general, se están detectando dos tipos de secuelas importantes en relación a la actividad deportiva y a la gente que haya pasado la Covid-19. Hablamos de problemas de coagulación y de pericarditis (inflamación de la membrana que envuelve el pericardio) o de pleuritis (inflamación de la membrana que envuelve el pulmón).
¿La prueba de esfuerzo es solo para deportistas profesionales o debo hacérmela si soy un deportista amateur?
Los deportistas que compiten a nivel profesional han de hacerse una prueba de esfuerzo periódicamente sí o sí.
La gente que entrena más de 10 horas por semana ha de hacérsela una vez al año como si fuera un deportista competitivo.
¿Cada cuánto tiempo he de hacerme una prueba de esfuerzo?
No hay una única respuesta, depende de la edad. Los menores de 14 años no es necesario que se sometan a una prueba de esfuerzo salvo que se detecte alguna situación anómala.
En juveniles y seniors, es decir, entre 18 y 23 años, nos encontramos ante deportistas en su plenitud del desempeño de su actividad deportiva. Lo conveniente es una prueba anual si es un deportista competitivo o incluso cada 6 meses si buscamos dos picos de forma durante la temporada.
En el deportista no competitivo, pero que se encuentra en esa franja de edad de máxima intensidad, se debe hacer una prueba de esfuerzo una vez al año. Hay una recomendación que indica que para quien entrena más de 10 horas por semana la prueba ha de ser anual. Aquí abarcamos a un amplio abanico de personas que practican deporte con cierta intensidad y ciertas horas por semana, que participan en carreras populares, que compiten en circuitos amateurs,…
Para gente más mayor, lo que se aconseja es una prueba de esfuerzo al inicio de la actividad deportiva. Hablamos, por ejemplo, de una persona de 40 años, que hace años que no practica ninguna actividad física. Ahora quiere iniciar un plan de actividad física saludable yendo dos días al gimnasio, saliendo a caminar,… Lo indicado es una prueba antes de empezar a hacer deporte y, a partir de ahí, una al año si entrena más de 10 horas por semana o una cada dos años si hace tres sesiones por semana, intensidad moderada,…
¿Qué información me aporta una prueba de esfuerzo?
Básicamente datos de salud y de rendimiento. Información respecto a cuestiones ventilatorias (cómo asumo el esfuerzo a nivel ventilatorio) y cardiocirculatorias (nivel de frecuencia, gasto cardiaco, información respecto a posibles patologías con el trazado electrocardiográfico,…). Todos estos datos nos dan una valoración del rendimiento deportivo de la persona y una valoración de su salud: qué le podemos pedir a ese cuerpo sin llevarlo a un estado de salud que le siente mal.
¿Es suficiente con la prueba de esfuerzo o debo completarla con algo más?
Lo mejor es bueno completar la prueba de esfuerzo con dos cosas. En primer lugar, una analítica de sangre. Recomiendo una bioquímica específica para deporte, en la que actualmente también introducimos unos datos de prevención respecto a la Covid-19. Además, es aconsejable hacer una ecocardiografía. Lo normal es una cada dos años, siempre y cuando la anterior haya sido normal.
Para información y reservas sobre las pruebas de esfuerzo ponte en contacto con nosotros en hola@ivreplus.es
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